ABSTRACT: “All is Number”—the universe follows a few profound mathematical rules, and pure thought can grasp reality. This paper explores the first principles of fundamental physics, focusing on the ...

The latest findings indicate that neutrinos are at least a million times lighter than electrons, the lightest electrically charged elementary particles. Explaining this enormous mass difference ...

Top quarks, in particular, are already the heaviest known elementary particles—the basic particles that makes up matter—clocking in at 184 times the mass of a proton. Some quarks produced from ...

It revealed the existence of a mysterious, ancient field with which elementary particles interact to acquire their all-important masses. This process is governed by a delicate mechanism called ...

Neutrinos are the only known elementary particles whose mass remains unknown, though questions remain about how well those elementary particles cooperate with the Standard Model. Determining the ...

This breakthrough further narrows the possible mass range for one of the universe’s most elusive particles and pushes the boundaries of physics beyond the current Standard Model. Neutrinos are ...