Recent analyses have shown that da Vinci robotic surgery achieves a 99% reliability rate, with technical issues rarely ...

Laparoscopic surgery has become a common surgical technique owing to its minimal invasiveness. However, surgeons require advanced techniques, and several studies have evaluated surgical skills through ...

This study evaluates the usability and workload associated with the pneumatically attachable flexible (PAF) rail, a soft robotic device designed for safer organ manipulation and retraction during ...

Surgical training has traditionally been one of apprenticeship, where the surgical trainee learns to perform the surgery under the supervision of a trained surgeon. This is costly, time consuming, and ...

To overcome these limitations, dual-port laparoscopic surgery has emerged as a modified minimally invasive approach (13). By introducing a small auxiliary port—typically only 5 mm in diameter—this ...