The vegetation in northern high latitudes was likely dense forest before cooling temperatures transformed it into grassland during the Late Miocene —a shift that further accelerated global cooling.

Using machine learning, researchers automatically calibrate a comprehensive climate model, improving simulations of difficult features and taking steps toward more reliable climate projections.

Image from NWS webpage. The Laurentian Great Lakes ... This estimation is accomplished through the utilization of climate models, such as Regional Climate Models (RCMs). However, until recently, RCMs ...