On Dec. 22, 1984, four black teenagers approached electronics specialist Bernhard Goetz, 37, on the New York City subway. After one of them said, “Give me five dollars,” Goetz pulled out a five-shot revolver and opened fire, injuring all four. Of these, one suffered a severed spinal cord, paralyzing him.

A former Marine combat instructor testified that Daniel Penny misused a combat maneuver when he fatally choked Jordan Neely aboard a Manhattan subway, saying he appeared to have attempted a “blood choke” and should’ve known to let go after Neely lost consciousness.